10 passive income ideas to boost your earnings in 2024

Are you a creator, artist, or entrepreneur seeking more financial freedom without compromising your creativity? The challenge in today's rapidly evolving ecommerce landscape is generating consistent, passive income without draining resources or diluting your brand's vision. This problem is particularly amplified for creators operating on ecommerce platforms such as Shopify, Etsy, WIX, WooCommerce, and Squarespace, as they strive to reach a wider audience without breaking the bank.

Addressing these challenges might seem daunting, but rest assured, there are solutions available. By leveraging the ecommerce platforms and marketplaces available today, you can expand your reach globally, providing your unique offerings to a wide audience without straining your resources. The rise in successful creators who utilize these digital tools is evidence of their effectiveness. In this article, we'll dive into 10 good passive income ideas for 2024, giving you the insights you need to thrive in the vibrant ecommerce marketplace.

• Passive income refers to earnings that require little to no ongoing effort to maintain. It provides financial freedom, stability, time flexibility, and opportunities to build generational wealth.

• Passive income ideas include selling print on demand products, investing in real estate or dividend stocks, creating online courses, writing and self-publishing ebooks, creating a YouTube channel, affiliate marketing, selling digital products, creating a membership site, investing in emerging technologies, and selling stock photos.

• Tips for building a successful passive income strategy include selecting income sources wisely, diversifying your income, staying informed about market trends, being patient, and automating tasks where possible.

• Choosing the right passive income idea is based on market demand, personal interests, investment requirements, feasibility, and profitability. It involves strategic planning and understanding your own capabilities and market trends.

• Print on demand is a promising avenue for generating passive income. Platforms like Gelato enable individuals to create and sell custom products without any upfront costs or inventory management.

• While the amount of money you can earn from passive income varies widely, the earnings potential with platforms like Gelato is largely determined by your creativity, marketing efforts, and the product's popularity.

Passive income refers to the money you earn with little to no effort on your part after you have initially set up the income stream. It is a concept that has gained significant popularity in recent years as more and more people are looking for ways to generate income without being tied down to a traditional job.

Unlike active income, where you exchange your time and skills for money, passive income allows you to earn money while you sleep, travel, or focus on other endeavors you love. It offers a sense of financial freedom and flexibility, as it is not dependent on your presence or active participation.

The main idea behind passive income is that it takes minimal continuous upkeep after you put your time, money, or resources in the beginning. The objective is to develop a system that continues to generate cash without requiring continual attention or active involvement, even though setting up the income stream may require some initial effort. As a result, you are less dependent on exchanging your time for money, giving you greater control over your time and financial future.

Understanding what passive income isn’t is crucial before exploring passive income opportunities. Firstly, it’s not a scheme for quick, effortless riches. Effective passive income strategies often require an upfront investment, either of time, money, or both.

Passive income is also not entirely hands-off. Most passive income sources, whether rental income or online passive income, need some level of management and supervision. The idea of ‘set it and forget it’ rarely applies in the real world of building a sustainable, good passive income stream.

Now that we understand what passive income is, let's explore why it is so crucial in achieving financial independence and living life on your terms.

According to USA Today, the U.S. side hustle market is valued at over $2.58 trillion.

Here are some more reasons why you should strive to earn passive income:

Instead of being constrained by a regular career, passive income can provide you the opportunity to pursue your passions and spend time doing what you love.

Imagine not having to rush through your morning routine in order to arrive at work on time after waking up. You have the freedom to choose your own hours and your own terms of employment when you have a passive income. Passive income businesses give you the freedom to decide how to spend your time, whether it is with your family, traveling the world, or engaging in hobbies.

Creating multiple passive income streams can help you achieve financial stability and weather unexpected economic downturns. According to a report by Luisa Zhou side hustlers dedicating 12 hours a week to their venture average $1,122 per month.

Many individuals aim to achieve financial stability - a safety net offered by passive income during unpredictable times. You lower the risk of relying entirely on one source of income by diversifying your sources of revenue. This can shield you against unforeseen events like job loss, economic downturns, or other financial risks. With passive income businesses, you can rest easy knowing that you'll always have money coming in, even when times are rough.

With passive income, you can break free from the 9-to-5 grind and have more control over how you spend your time.

Do you ever feel constrained by the standard 9 to 5 workday? You can escape the confines of a fixed work schedule with passive income. You don't have to spend your days chained to a desk; you may work whenever and wherever you like. Passive income businesses enable you to have more control over your time and live life on your terms, whether you work from a coffee shop, a co-working place, or even from the comfort of your own home.

Building passive income allows you to leave a lasting legacy for your loved ones and create generational wealth.

In addition to helping you now, earning passive income has the potential to have a long-lasting effect on future generations. You may amass money that can be passed down to your children, grandkids, and beyond by creating various streams of passive income. This ensures the financial security of your loved ones and leaves a legacy that extends beyond your own lifetime.

Achieving financial independence is a major goal for many people. Passive income is a key component of achieving this goal. By building passive income businesses, you can become less reliant on a traditional job and have the financial freedom to live life on your own terms.

Passive income opens up a world of entrepreneurial opportunities. With the extra money, time, and financial stability that passive income businesses provide, you can explore new business ventures, invest in real estate, or set up an online store.

Knowing that you have multiple streams of income flowing in even when you're not actively working can provide a sense of security and peace of mind. You can rest easy knowing that you have built a solid foundation for your financial future.

Passive income is a powerful way to build wealth and achieve financial freedom. It allows you to generate income without actively trading your time for money. Now that you understand the importance of passive income, let's explore practical ways to make it a reality in your life. Here are 15 smart passive income ideas for building wealth:

Starting a print on demand business involves creating unique designs that can be printed on various products such as t-shirts, mugs, or posters. These designs are then listed on an online store. When a customer purchases a product, the order is sent to the print on demand service, which prints the design on the product and ships it directly to the customer.

Research by Kickflip shows that 48% of customers are willing to wait longer to get a customized product, which means there’s more than decent scope in this line of work.

This business model involves initial work in creating designs and setting up the online store but becomes more passive over time as the products sell.

• Who is this best for? This is an ideal method for individuals with a creative streak or those passionate about a specific niche.

• Benefits: Selling print on demand products offers the benefits of low start-up costs, no inventory management, and easy scalability.

• How it results in passive income: Once you have your designs and online store set up, orders come in automatically. The print on demand company handles the manufacturing and shipping, earning you profit for each sale made. While creating designs and marketing your products requires effort upfront, the income becomes more passive over time.

How to get started:

1. First, create a shop on a platform like Gelato, where you can sell custom-printed items, including apparel, mugs, and more.

2. Next, brainstorm designs and themes for your print on demand products. Consider creating designs that resonate with your target audience.

3. Upload your design on the POD platform of your choice. Use appealing product descriptions and high-quality product images to entice potential customers.

4. Promote your products on various platforms, using social media or email marketing for greater reach. Ensuring good customer service and speedy delivery can also incentivize repeat sales.

5. Enjoy the profits from your sales as they come in. Remember, the beauty of print on demand is that the platform handles the production and shipping, leaving you free to focus on design and promotion.

Real estate investment TRUSTS

Investing in rental properties is an excellent way to generate a steady passive income. As a property owner, you stand to gain from monthly rental payments and potential long-term appreciation of the property. If you're not ready to take on the responsibilities of full ownership, consider real estate crowdfunding platforms. These platforms allow you to pool your money with other investors to fund real estate projects, thereby lowering the investment entry point and diversifying your real estate portfolio.

However, it's essential to exercise due diligence before diving into real estate. This involves understanding the local property market, analyzing potential property values, and assessing rental demand. Hiring a real estate advisor or consulting with a professional can provide valuable insights and guide you towards profitable investment decisions.

Dividend stock investment

Investing in dividend-paying stocks can be another lucrative passive income idea. Owning these stocks means you become a shareholder of the company, receiving a share of its profits regularly without active involvement. This can be a great way to ensure regular cash flow and build wealth over time, as the dividends can be reinvested to purchase more shares, resulting in even more passive income from the stock market.

When investing in dividend stocks, it's crucial to analyze the company's financial health, dividend payment history, and future growth potential. Diversification across different sectors and industries can help manage risks and potential downturns, ensuring a steady flow of income regardless of market fluctuations. This is one of the best passive income ideas that require a minimum upfront investment and offer high upside potential.

• Who is this best for? This method suits individuals with a significant amount of capital to invest and a basic understanding of investment strategies.

• Benefits: Investing in real estate or dividend stocks offers the potential for high returns, diversification of your investment portfolio, and protection against inflation.

• How it results in passive income: Rental properties provide a steady stream of monthly income from tenants, while real estate crowdfunding allows for income from larger projects. With dividend stocks, you earn a portion of the company's profits regularly without active involvement.

• To navigate the complexities of stock market investment, consider consulting with a financial advisor or employing robo-advisors, which can automate and streamline your investment process.

How to get started:

1. Research various real estate markets or dividend-paying companies to identify potential investment opportunities.

2. Gain basic knowledge about investment strategies through online courses, webinars, books, or hiring a financial advisor.

3. Save up a significant amount of capital that can be comfortably allocated towards these investment ventures.

4. Consider buying rental properties, investing in real estate crowdfunding platforms for property investment, or buying shares in dividend-paying companies.

5. Establish a plan for managing your investments, whether through a property management company for real estate or regularly monitoring your stock portfolio.

Creating an online course involves compiling your knowledge or expertise into a structured learning path. You'll need to plan the course outline, create the course materials, which could include video lessons, worksheets, quizzes, etc., and then publish the course on an online learning platform. After initial setup, the course can generate income each time a new student enrolls.

• Who is this best for? This is ideal for experts in a specific field or topic who are comfortable teaching and sharing their knowledge.

• Benefits: Creating an online course not only establishes you as an authority in your field but also allows you to reach and help a vast audience.

• How it results in passive income: Once the course is created and uploaded on a platform like Udemy or Coursera, students can purchase and access the course at any time, providing continuous earnings with minimal ongoing effort.

How to get started:

• Look for a subject you're knowledgeable about and confident in teaching. Make sure that there's a demand for this topic by conducting market research.

• Plan your course outline. Break down your topic into modules and lectures, ensuring that each lesson is digestible and covers a specific subtopic.

• Create engaging course content. Draft your script, create slides, and shoot videos. Use interactive elements such as quizzes and discussion forums to engage learners.

• Choose the right course platform. Some popular online course platforms include Coursera, Udemy, and Skillshare. Research each one to determine which one suits your needs the best.

• Promote your course. Use social media, email marketing, and your website or blog to get the word out about your course.

Writing and self-publishing an ebook involves choosing a topic you're knowledgeable about, writing the content, formatting the book, designing the cover, and publishing it on a platform like Amazon Kindle. Once the book is published, it's available for countless readers to purchase and download, providing a source of passive income.

• Who is this best for? This method is best for those who enjoy writing and have valuable knowledge or stories to share.

• Benefits: Self-publishing gives you total control over your content, design, pricing, and royalties.

• How it results in passive income: Once your ebook is written and published on a platform like Amazon Kindle, it can be purchased and downloaded by readers worldwide, generating passive income for years to come.

How to get started:

• Choose a topic you're passionate about and knowledgeable in. Your ebook should provide value to your readers, so it's crucial to choose a topic you can offer an authoritative stance on.

• Create an outline. Mapping out your ideas can save time and ensure your ebook is well-structured.

• Start writing based on the outline. Aim for at least 30,000 words for your ebook. Use a conversational tone to engage readers, and remember to proofread and edit your work.

• For an ebook, a captivating cover can significantly increase sales. You can hire a designer or use online tools like Canva. Next, choose a platform to publish your book. Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing is a popular choice.

• Use social media, email newsletters, or your personal website to promote your new ebook. Consider using SEO strategies to increase the visibility of your ebook online.

Creating a YouTube channel requires planning your content, filming and editing videos, and uploading them to YouTube. As you grow your channel's audience, you can monetize your content through YouTube's Partner Program, which allows you to earn money from ads on your videos, channel memberships, or YouTube Premium revenue.

• Who is this best for? This is ideal for individuals who are comfortable in front of a camera and have a unique idea, skill, or life experience to share.

• Benefits: Creating a YouTube channel allows you to reach a global audience and offers multiple income streams like ad revenue, sponsorships, and merchandise sales.

• How it results in passive income: While creating and editing videos requires work, once they're uploaded, they can continue to generate ad revenue and gain views indefinitely.

How to get started:

• Understand what kind of content you're passionate about and how it aligns with potential viewers. Research popular channels in this space for inspiration.

• Create your Channel. Sign in to YouTube, click on 'Create a new channel', and follow the prompts to establish your personal brand.

• Come up with initial video ideas that are engaging, informative, or entertaining. Start by brainstorming topics based on your niche and plan a content schedule.

• Shoot and Edit your Videos. Use basic recording equipment like a high-quality smartphone camera or webcam. Invest in simple, beginner-friendly editing software to enhance your videos.

• Use social media and networking to promote your YouTube channel. Engage with your audience by responding to comments and asking for feedback.

Affiliate marketing involves promoting other companies' products or services on your blog, social media accounts, or email newsletter. When your followers click on the affiliate links and make a purchase, you earn a commission. It requires establishing a decent following and building trust with your audience.

• Who is this best for? This method suits individuals who have a blog, social media presence, or email list with a decent following.

• Benefits: Affiliate marketing allows you to earn a commission for products or services you promote without having to create or manage the products yourself.

• How it results in passive income: Once affiliate links are set up in your content or platform, you can earn commission from any sales made through those links, even when you're not actively working on it.

How to get started:

• Identify your niche and define your audience and what they are interested in. This will guide you in choosing the right products and companies to promote.

• Look for reputable programs that offer a generous commission rate, have a good track record, and provide products or services that align with your niche.

• Once you've found a program that suits you, sign up and start promoting their products or services on your platform.

• Create high-quality content. Write engaging and informative blog posts or social media updates that include your affiliate links. The better your content, the more likely your audience is to click on your links and make a purchase.

• Use analytics to understand which parts of your strategy are working and which aren't. Continually evaluate and refine your approach to increase your earnings.

Creating and selling digital products requires you to produce a digital asset like a graphic design template, a digital planner, a piece of music, a photo, software, etc. These products are then listed on an online platform where customers can purchase and download them. Since the product is digital, it can be sold an infinite number of times, making this a lucrative passive income idea.

• Who is this best for? This is suitable for creatives who can produce desirable digital content such as graphics, templates, music, or software.

• Benefits: Digital products only need to be created once but can be sold an unlimited number of times with no production or shipping costs.

• How it results in passive income: After creating and uploading your digital product on a platform like Etsy or Shutterstock, customers can purchase it anytime, giving you a continuous stream of income.

How to get started:

• Start by identifying your strengths and the type of digital content you can produce that people would be interested in purchasing.

• Invest time in creating a unique and high-quality digital product that stands out in the market and offers value to potential customers.

• Choose the right online marketplace for your type of digital product. For instance, Etsy is great for printable arts and crafts, while Shutterstock is best for stock photos.

• Set up a seller account on your chosen platform, using high-quality images and detailed descriptions for your product. Remember to set prices that reflect the effort you put into creating the product.

• Promote your digital product actively on social media or through your own website to drive traffic and potential buyers to your online store.

Creating a membership site involves providing exclusive content or services to members who pay a regular subscription fee. The content could be in the form of articles, videos, webinars, community forums, or any other format that provides value to your members. The key to a successful membership site is regular updates, and a strong community that keeps your members engaged and subscribed.

• Who is this best for? This method is great for those who can provide valuable, exclusive content or services that people are willing to pay a regular fee for.

• Benefits: Membership sites provide a platform to share your expertise, build a community, and create a stable and predictable income stream.

• How it results in passive income: Members pay a recurring fee, usually monthly or annually, to access the content or services on your site, generating a steady stream of passive income.

How to get started:

• Start by identifying what knowledge or expertise you can share that people would find valuable enough to pay for. This could be anything from fitness coaching to photography tutorials.

• Understand who your potential customers are, what they're currently paying for similar content, and how you can offer something better or different.

• Create valuable content. Again, quality is key here. Your members will continue to pay a fee only as long as they perceive that they're receiving value from your content.

• Set up your site. There are various platforms available that make it easy to set up a membership site. Some popular ones include Patreon, Podia, and Kajabi.

• Once your site is ready, use social media, blogging, content marketing, and other promotional strategies to attract members.

Considering how rapidly the tech landscape evolves, betting on emergent technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, or virtual reality can lead to impressive passive income businesses. By investing in start-ups or buying shares of established companies leading these tech revolutions, you stand to make substantial gains as these technologies become mainstream.

• Who is this best for? Emerging technologies are a promising frontier for tech enthusiasts and early adopters seeking to drive innovation and earn from this lucrative market. 

• Benefits you stand to gain include financial rewards, staying informed about the latest technological breakthroughs, and fostering industry advancement. 

• How does it result in passive income? By investing early, you'll generate passive income as the value of the technology rises amid increased market adoption and application.

How to get started:

• Begin by researching various emerging technologies and understand their applications and potential growth in the coming years. 

• Evaluate your financial standing and decide how much you're willing to invest. Always only invest what you can afford to lose in case the technology doesn't perform as anticipated. 

• Choose a reliable and secure platform for making your investment. This could be through a tech startup, shares in established companies pioneering the tech, or even through crowdfunding platforms. 

• Regularly monitor the performance of your investment and stay updated on the developments in technology. This will help you understand the market trends and make informed decisions about when to sell, hold, or buy more. 

• Practice patience. Investments in emerging technologies can be a long game, often requiring several years to see a substantial return on investment.

If you're a budding photographer, selling your unique photos as stock images can be a fantastic revenue stream. This way, every time a customer purchases your image from a stock photography website, you earn a commission, building wealth with minimal ongoing effort.

• Who is this best for? This passive income strategy is ideal for talented photographers or those who enjoy snapping pictures in their spare time. 

• Benefits: You can monetize your hobby and passion while contributing to the creative demands of various industries.

• How does it result in passive income? It generates passive income through the royalties earned on your photos after they've been uploaded and sold on stock photo platforms.

How to get started:

• Start by honing your photography skills. Invest in a good-quality camera and editing software, and practice taking photos in various settings and lighting conditions. 

• Identify your niche. What kind of photos do you enjoy taking the most? Landscapes, portraits, food, wildlife? Your niche is where you can best add value. 

• Once you've taken high-quality photos, select the best ones and get them ready to sell. Make sure they're properly edited and meet the specifications of the stock photo sites you wish to sell on. 

• Register as a contributor on several stock photo websites. Make sure to read and understand the terms and conditions of each site. When uploading your photos, add relevant keywords and descriptions to make them easily searchable. 

• Monitor your sales and see which photos are selling the most. Listen to customer feedback, make any necessary modifications, and continue uploading new content regularly to maintain and grow your passive income businesses.

Remember, while these methods offer the prospect of passive income, they all require initial effort to set up. Moreover, diversifying your income sources and continuously learning and adapting to changes are key to building long-term, sustainable wealth.

Creating a successful passive income stream is a journey that requires strategic planning, persistence, and patience. Here are a few additional tips to ensure your journey is a fruitful one:

• Choose wisely: When deciding on a passive income stream, it's crucial to select one that aligns with your interests, skills, and long-term goals. It should be something that excites you and keeps you engaged. The more you are passionate about it, the higher your chance of success. Assess the potential return on investment, the effort required to set up, and the sustainability of the income stream. Don't be swayed by the latest trends; instead, consider what will work best for you.

• Diversify your income: Relying on a single source of passive income is risky. Diversify your portfolio with multiple income streams. This could mean investing in rental properties, starting a print on demand business, writing a blog, or creating digital products. By diversifying, you ensure that if one source dips or becomes less lucrative, you have others to fall back on.

• Continuous learning: The digital world is ever-evolving, and to stay ahead of the curve, you need to invest in continuous learning. Attend webinars, take online courses, read the latest books, and keep up-to-date with industry trends. The more knowledge and skills you have, the more effectively you can adapt and improve your income streams.

• Patience and persistence: Creating successful passive income business opportunities doesn't happen overnight. It requires a great deal of patience and persistence. While it might be tempting to expect quick results, understand that the most rewarding passive income streams are often those that require some time to mature. Celebrate small wins along the way, and don't let temporary setbacks deter you from your larger financial goals.

• Automate and delegate: To maximize the "passiveness" of your income, find ways to automate and delegate tasks. Automation could involve using software tools to handle tasks like email marketing or social media posting. Delegation could mean hiring virtual assistants or freelancers to handle repetitive or time-consuming tasks. This not only frees up your time but also enables you to focus on more strategic aspects of your business.

• Regular evaluation: Set aside regular intervals to review your passive income strategy. Assess what's working and what isn't, make necessary adjustments, and continually look for new opportunities. This will help you keep your passive income streams efficient, relevant, and profitable.

Building successful passive income businesses is a dynamic process that requires consistent effort, adaptation, and resilience. With the right approach and mindset, you can create robust passive income streams that provide financial stability and freedom.

The intersection of technology and entrepreneurship has transformed the idea of passive income from a mere dream to a very achievable reality. With platforms like Gelato at your fingertips, you now have the unprecedented opportunity to turn your creativity into sustainable, profitable ventures to create passive income sources.

Gelato, the world's largest platform for localized print on demand production, is your passport to global success. With a robust presence in 34 countries, we provide a platform for entrepreneurs and creators to sell their products to a potential consumer base of up to 5 billion people. The beauty of Gelato is its localized production approach, ensuring a seamless, cost-effective operation, and eliminating traditional barriers such as international shipping and large inventory requirements.

One of the defining features of Gelato is its risk-free model. There are no upfront costs; you only pay when your customers place an order. This makes Gelato an ideal launchpad for your passive income journey. Plus, with the Gelato app, you can manage your business on the go.

Embracing passive income is more than just generating additional revenue. It's about creating financial freedom, pursuing your passions, and living on your own terms. It's about creating a life where your income doesn't hinge on your time.

So why wait? Today is the day to take control of your financial future. Sign up for Gelato, join our global community of creators, and witness your ideas translate into profit. Ignite your passive income journey now and watch as your dreams take flight into reality.

Active income refers to earnings derived from services you actively provide, such as salaries, wages, or business income in which you materially participate. Passive income, on the other hand, is money earned from ventures in which you're not actively involved, such as rental income or business activities where you don't materially participate. In the context of Gelato, you can generate passive income by selling designs on our platform without having to manage printing or shipping.

Yes, you can indeed make a significant income with side jobs, provided you choose the right opportunity and dedicate sufficient time and effort. Side jobs like selling designs on Gelato can offer flexibility and the potential for substantial earnings, although results can vary depending on your effort, the demand for your products, and market conditions.

Passive income is typically taxed, but how it's taxed can vary depending on your country of residence and the nature of the income. In many countries, passive income can be subject to both income tax and self-employment tax. Always consult a tax professional to understand your specific situation.

The amount of money you can earn from passive income businesses depends on the income-generating asset and the market demand. With Gelato, the more appealing your designs and the higher the demand for them, the more you can earn. There is no specific limit; the earnings potential is largely determined by your creativity, marketing efforts, and the product's popularity.

To make passive income without any initial investment, focus on leveraging your existing skills and resources. For instance, consider creating content like blog posts, YouTube videos, or online courses, which can be monetized through ads, sponsorships, and affiliate marketing without upfront costs. 

Also, platforms like Gelato enable you to create and sell print on demand products, such as custom apparel or home decor, without needing to manage inventory or shipping. Writing and self-publishing eBooks on platforms like Amazon Kindle is another viable option, where you earn royalties from sales. These methods require time and effort to establish, but they can generate ongoing income once set up.

With some initial capital, you can explore more diverse passive income business opportunities. Investing in real estate is a popular choice; rental properties provide steady income through tenant payments, and you can also benefit from property appreciation over time. Another option is investing in dividend-paying stocks, which offer regular payouts from company profits. Additionally, platforms like Gelato allow you to invest in creating an online store that sells custom products globally, providing a significant revenue stream with minimal ongoing effort. You can also consider peer-to-peer lending, where you lend money to individuals or small businesses and earn interest on the loans.

Diversifying your income sources is crucial for financial stability and growth. While there is no set number of income streams you should have, aiming for multiple sources can reduce the risk associated with relying on a single income stream. 

Ideally, you should have at least three to five different income sources. This could include a mix of active and passive income businesses, such as a full-time job, freelance work, rental properties, dividend stocks, and online businesses. Using platforms like Gelato to sell custom print on demand products can be an effective way to add another stream of passive income. Diversification not only provides a safety net during economic downturns but also maximizes your potential for wealth accumulation and financial independence.

Beginners can make passive income by identifying opportunities where they can earn money without consistent active involvement or having to worry about the upfront cost of setting up their ventures. For instance, on Gelato, you can create and upload designs for a variety of products. Once these designs are listed, you can earn income every time someone orders a product featuring your design without the need to manage inventory, printing, or shipping.